Chiyambi cha Mfundo Yogwira Ntchito ya Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane:
RO ndi chidule cha Reverse Osmosis mu Chingerezi ndipo amatanthauza anti-osmosis m'Chitchaina.Kawirikawiri, kusuntha kwa mamolekyu amadzi kumachokera ku ndende yotsika kupita kuzinthu zambiri.Komabe, pamene kukakamiza kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbali yolowera, kayendedwe ka mamolekyu amadzi amasinthidwa, kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba mpaka kutsika kochepa, motero dzina la reverse osmosis.
Mfundo ya nembanemba ya RO: Nembanemba ya RO, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti reverse osmosis membrane, ndiukadaulo womwe umalekanitsa zakumwa zazikulu kuposa kukula kwa pore kwa nembanemba kudzera pakusiyana kwamphamvu monga mphamvu yoyendetsera.Zamadzimadzi zomwe zimasefedwa ndi membrane zimatha kukakamizidwa.Kupanikizika kukadutsa mphamvu ya osmotic ya nembanemba ya RO, madziwo amadutsa mbali ina.Madzi ang'onoang'ono kuposa kukula kwa pore adzatulutsidwa panthawi ya permeation, pamene madzi omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kuposa kukula kwa pore adzatsekedwa ndi nembanemba ndikutulutsidwa kudzera mumtsinje wamadzi.Zochita izi zimathandizira kuyeretsa, kulekanitsa ndi kuyika pamadzi oyamba.
Zizindikiro zazikulu zogwirira ntchito za nembanemba ya RO ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere, kutuluka kwa madzi, komanso kuchira.Mlingo wa desalination umatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa chiyero komwe nembanemba imadumphira ma ayoni, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere komwe kumatheka ikathira ma ayoni mogwira mtima.Chizindikiro china chofunikira kwambiri ndi flux, yomwe imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu amadzi omwe amatha kudutsa mugawo lagawo la nembanemba.Kuchulukirachulukira kumapangitsa kuti nembanemba igwire bwino.Komano, kuchuluka kwa madzi obwezeretsa kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi abwino kuti asunthike pamene nembanemba ikugwira ntchito, ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba chosonyeza kugwira ntchito kwa membrane.
Chifukwa cha zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu za nembanemba za RO, kakulidwe ka nembanemba ka RO kwatsogozedwa kuti akwaniritse zopambana pakuchotsa mchere wambiri, kupanga madzi ambiri, komanso kuchira, chilichonse chomwe chingabweretse phindu lalikulu pazachuma.
Pazinthu za reverse osmosis nembanemba, nthawi zambiri gwero lamadzi silingalowe muzinthu mwachindunji chifukwa zonyansa zomwe zili nazo zimatha kuwononga nembanemba ndikusokoneza magwiridwe antchito adongosolo komanso moyo wautali wa chinthucho.Kuchiza koyambirira ndi njira yopangira madzi aiwisi molingana ndi mawonekedwe a zonyansa zomwe zili mmenemo, ndi njira zoyenera, kuti athe kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakulowetsa kuzinthu zamtundu wa osmosis.Chifukwa imakhala isanayambike reverse osmosis mu njira yonse yopangira madzi, imatchedwa pre-treatment.
Cholinga chisanadze mankhwala mu n'zosiyana osmosis kachitidwe ndi: 1) kuteteza nembanemba padziko kuipitsidwa, mwachitsanzo kuteteza inaimitsidwa zosafunika, tizilombo, colloidal zinthu, etc. kuti agwirizane ndi nembanemba pamwamba kapena clogging madzi otaya njira ya nembanemba chinthu;2) kupewa makulitsidwe pa nembanemba pamwamba.Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizo cha reverse osmosis, mchere wina wovuta kusungunuka monga CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4, CaF2 ukhoza kuyika pa nembanemba pamwamba chifukwa cha ndende ya madzi, choncho m'pofunika kupewa mapangidwe ovuta awa- kuti-kusungunuka mchere;
3) onetsetsani kuti nembanembayo sichikuwonongeka ndi makina kapena mankhwala, kuti nembanemba ikhale ndi ntchito yabwino komanso moyo wokwanira.
Kusankhidwa kwa njira zopangira chithandizo cha reverse osmosis system ndi motere:
1) Pamadzi apamwamba okhala ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa zosakwana 50mg/L, njira yosefera mwachindunji ingagwiritsidwe ntchito;
2) Pamadzi apamwamba okhala ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa kuposa 50mg/L, njira yolumikizirana, kumveketsa, kusefera ingagwiritsidwe ntchito;
3) Pamadzi apansi okhala ndi chitsulo chochepera 0.3mg/L ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa zosakwana 20mg/L, njira yosefera mwachindunji ingagwiritsidwe ntchito;
4) Pamadzi apansi okhala ndi chitsulo chochepera 0.3mg/L ndi zolimba zoyimitsidwa zopitilira 20mg/L, njira yosefera mwachindunji ingagwiritsidwe ntchito;
5) Kwa madzi apansi omwe ali ndi chitsulo choposa 0.3mg/L, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuchotsa chitsulo kuyenera kuganiziridwa, kutsatiridwa ndi kusefera kwachindunji kapena kusefera kwachindunji.Pamene organic zili m'madzi yaiwisi ndi mkulu, chlorination, coagulation, kumveketsa ndi kusefera angagwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala.Ngati mankhwalawa sakukwanira, kusefera kwa carbon activated kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe.Pamene kuuma kwa madzi yaiwisi ndi mkulu ndipo CaCO3 adzakhalabe pa n'zosiyana osmosis nembanemba pamwamba pambuyo mankhwala, kufewetsa kapena laimu mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito.Pamene mchere wina wovuta-kusungunuka ukukwera ndi kuchuluka mu RO system, anti-scaling agents ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti barium ndi strontium sizingakhalepo nthawi zonse pakuwunika kwamadzi osaphika.Komabe, ngakhale pazigawo zotsika kwambiri, zimatha kupanga masikelo pa nembanemba pamtunda malinga ngati sulphate yomwe ili m'madzi imakhala yoposa 0.01mg/L.Mambawa ndi ovuta kuyeretsa choncho ayenera kupewedwa kuti asapangike pamwamba pa nembanemba momwe angathere.
Pamene silika m'madzi yaiwisi ndi mkulu, laimu, magnesium oxide (kapena woyera ufa) akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mankhwala.Pamene kuchuluka kwa silika m'madzi a RO feed ndi kwakukulu kuposa 20mg/L, kuwunika kwa makulitsidwe kuyenera kupangidwa.Chifukwa ndizovuta kuyeretsa sikelo ya silika, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zisapangidwe pa nembanemba.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-01-2023