Jekeseni Water Production Sytem Ndi Kutentha Kusinthana

Mafotokozedwe Akatundu

Madzi a jekeseni ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala osabala.Zofunikira zamtundu wamadzi a jakisoni zakhazikitsidwa mosamalitsa mu pharmacopoeias.Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zomwe zimayendera mwachizolowezi madzi osungunuka, monga acidity, chloride, sulfate, calcium, ammonium, carbon dioxide, zinthu zomwe zimatha oxidizable, zinthu zosasunthika, ndi zitsulo zolemera, zimafunikanso kupititsa mayeso a pyrogen.GMP imanena momveka bwino kuti kukonzekera, kusungirako, ndi kugawa madzi oyeretsedwa ndi jekeseni kuyenera kuteteza kufalikira ndi kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira akasinja ndi mapaipi ziyenera kukhala zopanda poizoni komanso zosachita dzimbiri.

Zofunikira pazida zopangira madzi jekeseni ndi motere:

Madzi a jakisoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira pokonzekera jekeseni ndi wosabala rinsing agents, kapena kutsuka Mbale (kutsuka mwatsatanetsatane), kutsuka komaliza kwa zoyimitsa mphira, kutulutsa mpweya wabwino, komanso mankhwala osungunula ufa osungunuka m'madzi a jakisoni wosabala, ma infusions, jekeseni madzi, etc. Chifukwa mankhwala okonzeka mwachindunji jekeseni mu thupi kudzera minofu kapena mtsempha wa magazi makonzedwe, zofunika khalidwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri ndipo ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika za jekeseni zosiyanasiyana mawu a sterility, kusowa kwa pyrogens, momveka bwino, madutsidwe magetsi ayenera kukhala. > 1MΩ/cm, bakiteriya endotoxin <0.25EU/ml, ndi microbial index <50CFU/ml.

Miyezo ina yaubwino wa madzi iyenera kukwaniritsa zizindikiro zamadzi oyeretsedwa ndi kukhala otsika kwambiri organic carbon concentration (ppb level).Izi zitha kuyang'aniridwa mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera a organic carbon analyzer, omwe amatha kuyikidwa m'madzi a jakisoni kapena kubweza mapaipi kuti azitha kuyang'anira nthawi imodzi momwe magetsi amayendera komanso kutentha.Kuphatikiza pa kukwaniritsa zofunika za madzi oyeretsedwa, madzi ojambulira ayeneranso kukhala ndi chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya <50CFU/ml ndikupambana mayeso a pyrogen.

Malinga ndi malamulo a GMP, madzi oyeretsedwa ndi madzi a jakisoni ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi GMP asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Ngati katunduyo akufunika kutumizidwa kunja, ayeneranso kutsatira zofunikira za USP, FDA, cGMP, ndi zina zotero. GMP ndi zotsatira za njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira pochotsa zodetsedwa m'madzi monga zikuphatikizidwa mu malangizo aku China GMP.Kukonzekera, kusunga, ndi kugawa madzi a jakisoni kuyenera kuletsa kuchulukana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira akasinja ndi mapaipi ziyenera kukhala zopanda poizoni komanso zosachita dzimbiri.Kupanga ndi kuyika mapaipi kuyenera kupeŵa mbali zakufa ndi mapaipi akhungu.Njira zoyeretsera ndi zotsekera ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamatangi osungira ndi mapaipi.Doko lolowera mpweya la tanki yosungiramo madzi liyenera kuyikidwa ndi fyuluta ya hydrophobic bactericidal yomwe simakhetsa ulusi.Madzi a jakisoni amatha kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kutchinjiriza kutentha pamwamba pa 80 ℃, kuzungulira kwa kutentha pamwamba pa 65 ℃, kapena kusungidwa pansi pa 4 ℃.

Mapaipi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira madzi opangira jakisoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki aumisiri a ABS kapena PVC, PPR, kapena zida zina zoyenera.Komabe, njira yogawa madzi oyeretsedwa ndi madzi a jakisoni iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamapaipi zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pasteurization, kutsekereza kutentha, ndi zina zotero, monga PVDF, ABS, PPR, makamaka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, makamaka mtundu wa 316L.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi mawu ambiri, kunena mosamalitsa, amagawidwa muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zosapanga asidi.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi mtundu wa chitsulo chomwe chimagonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri ndi zinthu zopanda mphamvu monga mpweya, nthunzi, ndi madzi, koma sichigonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri ndi zinthu zowononga mankhwala monga ma acid, alkalis, ndi mchere, ndipo zimakhala ndi zosapanga dzimbiri.

(I) Makhalidwe a madzi a jekeseni Kuwonjezera apo, mphamvu ya kuthamanga kwa kuthamanga pa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu chitoliro chiyenera kuganiziridwa.Nambala ya Reynolds ikafika 10,000 ndikupanga kuyenda kokhazikika, imatha kupanga bwino zinthu zomwe sizingachitike pakukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.M'malo mwake, ngati tsatanetsatane wa kamangidwe ka madzi ndi kupanga sizikuperekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuthamanga kwapansi kwambiri, makoma a chitoliro, kapena mapaipi akhungu mu payipi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma valve osayenera, ndi zina zotero, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kukhala. kudalira zolinga zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi izi kuti apange malo awo oberekera - biofilm, yomwe imabweretsa zoopsa ndi zovuta pakugwira ntchito ndi kayendetsedwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku kwa madzi oyeretsedwa ndi madzi a jakisoni.

(II) Zofunikira zofunika pamakina amadzi a jakisoni

Dongosolo la madzi a jakisoni limapangidwa ndi zida zopangira madzi, zida zosungira, mapampu ogawa, ndi mapaipi.Njira yopangira madzi ikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa kwakunja kuchokera kumadzi osaphika ndi zinthu zakunja.Kuipitsa madzi osaphika ndiye gwero lalikulu lakunja la kuipitsidwa kwa machitidwe oyeretsera madzi.The US Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia, ndi Chinese Pharmacopeia zonse zimafuna kuti madzi aiwisi amadzi opangira mankhwala azikwaniritsa miyezo yabwino yamadzi akumwa.Ngati mulingo wamadzi akumwa sunakwaniritsidwe, njira zochizira zisanachitike ziyenera kuchitidwa.Popeza Escherichia coli ndi chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa madzi, pali zofunikira zomveka za Escherichia coli m'madzi akumwa padziko lonse lapansi.Mabakiteriya ena owononga sanagawidwe ndipo amaimiridwa mumiyezo ngati "chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya".China imatchula malire a 100 mabakiteriya / ml pa chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya, kusonyeza kuti pali tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi osaphika omwe amakwaniritsa muyeso wa madzi akumwa, ndipo mabakiteriya oipitsitsa omwe amaika pangozi machitidwe opangira madzi ndi mabakiteriya a Gram-negative.Zinthu zina monga madoko olowera osatetezedwa pamatangi osungira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera zamafuta ochepa, kapena kubwereranso kwamadzi kuchokera kumalo owonongeka, kungayambitsenso kuipitsidwa kwakunja.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali kuipitsidwa kwamkati panthawi yokonzekera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira madzi.Kuipitsidwa kwamkati kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mapangidwe, kusankha kwa zipangizo, ntchito, kukonza, kusungirako, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochizira madzi.Zida zosiyanasiyana zochizira madzi zimatha kukhala magwero amkati a kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, monga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tamadzi tomwe timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa kaboni, ma ion exchange resins, ultrafiltration nembanemba, ndi zida zina zomwe zimapanga biofilms.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala mu biofilms timatetezedwa ndi biofilms ndipo nthawi zambiri sakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Chinthu chinanso choipitsira chilipo m'dongosolo logawa.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono timapanga mipope, mavavu, ndi madera ena ndikuchulukirachulukira pamenepo, ndikupanga ma biofilms, potero amakhala magwero oipitsidwa.Choncho, makampani ena akunja ali ndi malamulo okhwima pakupanga machitidwe opangira madzi.

(III) Njira zogwirira ntchito zamakina amadzi a jakisoni

Poganizira za kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamapaipi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito zamadzi oyeretsedwa ndi madzi ojambulira.Imodzi ndi ntchito ya batch, kumene madzi amapangidwa m'magulu, ofanana ndi mankhwala.Ntchito ya "batch" makamaka yoganizira za chitetezo, chifukwa njirayi imatha kulekanitsa madzi enaake panthawi yoyesera mpaka kuyesa kutha.Zina ndi kupanga kosalekeza, komwe kumadziwika kuti "ntchito yopitilira", komwe madzi amatha kupangidwa akagwiritsidwa ntchito.

IV) Kasamalidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku kachitidwe ka madzi a jakisoni Kuwongolera tsiku ndi tsiku kwa dongosolo lamadzi, kuphatikiza kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizidwe komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.Choncho, ndondomeko yoyang'anira ndi kuteteza chitetezo iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akuyenda nthawi zonse.Izi zikuphatikiza:

Njira zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza dongosolo lamadzi;
Dongosolo loyang'anira magawo ofunikira amtundu wamadzi ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza kuwongolera zida zazikulu;
Ndondomeko yanthawi zonse yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;
Njira yodzitetezera yokonza zida zamadzi;
Njira zoyendetsera zida zofunika kwambiri zoyeretsera madzi (kuphatikiza zigawo zazikulu), makina ogawa mapaipi, ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.

Zofunikira pazida zochizira kale:

Zida zopangira madzi oyeretsedwa zisanakhale zokhala ndi zida malinga ndi mtundu wa madzi amadzi osaphika, ndipo chofunikira ndikukwaniritsa mulingo wamadzi akumwa.
Zosefera zamitundu yambiri ndi zofewa zamadzi ziyenera kutha kuchapa kumbuyo, kukonzanso, ndikutulutsa.
Zosefera za carbon activated ndi malo omwe organic matter amawunjikana.Pofuna kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi bakiteriya ndi bakiteriya endotoxin, kuwonjezera pa kufunikira kotsuka m'mbuyo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Popeza kulimba kwa 255 nm kutalika kwa kuwala kwa UV komwe kumapangidwa ndi UV kumayenderana ndi nthawi, zida zomwe zili ndi nthawi yojambulira komanso mphamvu zamamita zimafunikira.Gawo lomizidwa liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L, ndipo chivundikiro cha nyali ya quartz chiyenera kuchotsedwa.
Madzi oyeretsedwa akadutsa pabedi losakanizika la deionizer ayenera kuzunguliridwa kuti akhazikitse madzi abwino.Komabe, deionizer yosakaniza bedi imatha kuchotsa ma cations ndi anions m'madzi, ndipo sizothandiza kuchotsa endotoxins.

Zofunikira popanga madzi a jakisoni (nthunzi yoyera) kuchokera ku zida zopangira madzi: Madzi obaya amatha kupezeka kudzera mu distillation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, ndi zina. Mayiko osiyanasiyana afotokoza njira zomveka bwino zopangira madzi a jakisoni, monga:

The United States Pharmacopeia (24th edition) imati "madzi obaya jekeseni ayenera kupezedwa ndi distillation kapena kubwezeretsa osmosis kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za American Water and Environmental Protection Association, European Union, kapena zofunikira zalamulo zaku Japan."
The European Pharmacopeia (kope la 1997) limanena kuti “madzi obaya jekeseni amapezedwa mwa kusungunula madzi oyenerera amene amakwaniritsa miyezo yalamulo ya madzi akumwa kapena madzi oyeretsedwa.”
The Chinese Pharmacopeia (kope la 2000) limafotokoza kuti "chinthu ichi (madzi obaya) ndi madzi otengedwa ndi distillation ndi madzi oyeretsedwa."Zitha kuwoneka kuti madzi oyeretsedwa omwe amapezedwa ndi distillation ndi njira yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi yopangira madzi a jakisoni, pomwe nthunzi yoyera imatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito makina amadzi a distillation omwewo kapena jenereta yoyera yoyera.

Distillation imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zochotsa pa zinthu zomwe sizingawonongeke komanso zosasinthika, kuphatikiza zolimba zoyimitsidwa, ma colloids, mabakiteriya, ma virus, endotoxins, ndi zonyansa zina m'madzi osaphika.Mapangidwe, magwiridwe antchito, zida zachitsulo, njira zogwirira ntchito, komanso mtundu wamadzi wamadzi amadzi a distillation zonse zidzakhudza mtundu wamadzi a jakisoni."Mipikisano yambiri" ya makina opangira madzi a distillation ambiri makamaka amatanthauza kusunga mphamvu, kumene mphamvu yotentha ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kangapo.Chofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa ma endotoxins mu makina amadzi a distillation ndi cholekanitsa madzi a nthunzi.